哪些評估結果代表左側心臟衰竭？（選所有適合的）

心臟衰竭的症狀區分是護理學的基本核心。左心衰竭（Left-sided HF）的主戰場在「肺部」。核心機轉：左心室無法有效泵血，血液回流至左心房、進而淤積在肺靜脈與肺毛細血管，導致肺水腫。因此，肺部囉音（Crackles）、活動後呼吸困難（Dyspnea on exertion）以及平躺呼吸困難（Orthopnea）是典型表現。相對地，右心衰竭（Right-sided HF）的主戰場在「全身靜脈系統」，表現為頸靜脈怒張（JVD）、肝脾腫大及下肢水腫。臨床上，病患常先出現左心衰竭，隨後引發肺動脈高壓，最終導致全心衰竭。護理師在評估時，聽到肺部囉音應立即警覺到左心失代償的可能性。

Differentiating heart-failure symptoms is fundamental in nursing. The main battlefield of left-sided heart failure (left-sided HF) is the 'lungs.' Core mechanism: the left ventricle cannot pump blood effectively, so blood backs up into the left atrium and then congests the pulmonary veins and capillaries, producing pulmonary edema. Therefore, pulmonary crackles, dyspnea on exertion, and orthopnea are typical manifestations. In contrast, right-sided heart failure (right-sided HF) is centered in the 'systemic venous system,' manifesting as jugular venous distension (JVD), hepatosplenomegaly, and lower-extremity edema. Clinically, patients often develop left-sided heart failure first, which then induces pulmonary hypertension and ultimately leads to biventricular failure. During assessment, when the nurse hears pulmonary crackles, the possibility of left-sided decompensation should be considered immediately.

美國 NCLEX 高頻考題常要求病患區分左右心衰竭以決定優先評估順序；台灣臨床護理則更常將兩者合稱為心衰竭（CHF）進行整體液體管理，較少在床邊反覆強調左右側的理論切割。