護理師正在評估一位 60 歲客戶的骨質疏鬆風險。下列何者為不可改變的危險因子？
A nurse is assessing a 60-year-old client's risk for osteoporosis. Which factor should the nurse identify as a non-modifiable risk factor?
- AFamily history of fractures✓ 正解骨折家族史
- BSmoking status吸菸狀態
- CLow calcium intake低鈣攝取
- DPhysical inactivity缺乏身體活動
骨質疏鬆症的風險因子分為可改變與不可改變兩大類。不可改變因子是指個人無法透過行為或生活型態干預的生物性特徵，如年齡、性別、種族及家族遺傳史。家族史反映了基因對骨質密度及骨骼結構的影響，是臨床評估中不可忽略的關鍵指標。相比之下，飲食、運動與生活習慣屬於可改變因子，護理師應針對這些項目衛教，以降低後續骨折風險。
Risk factors for osteoporosis fall into two categories: modifiable and nonmodifiable. Nonmodifiable factors are biological characteristics that the individual cannot influence through behavior or lifestyle, such as age, gender, race, and family genetic history. Family history reflects the genetic influence on bone density and skeletal structure and is a key indicator that cannot be overlooked in clinical assessment. In contrast, diet, exercise, and lifestyle are modifiable factors, and the nurse should provide education on these areas to reduce future fracture risk.