護理師準備經周邊靜脈導管為一位低血鉀病人靜脈輸注氯化鉀(potassium chloride)。護理師的哪些行動是適當的?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is preparing to administer intravenous potassium chloride through a peripheral intravenous catheter to a client with hypokalemia. Which actions by the nurse are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- AInfuse the potassium chloride at a rate of 40 mEq per hour through the peripheral catheter以每小時 40 mEq 的速率經周邊靜脈導管輸注氯化鉀
- BUse a premixed potassium chloride solution from the pharmacy rather than adding concentrated potassium at the bedside使用藥局配製的預混氯化鉀輸液,而不是在床邊把濃縮氯化鉀加入輸液袋正確答案
- CAssess the intravenous site frequently for signs of phlebitis or infiltration during the infusion輸注過程中經常評估靜脈穿刺部位是否出現靜脈炎或滲漏的徵象正確答案
- DUse an infusion pump to control the rate at which the potassium chloride is delivered使用輸液幫浦控制氯化鉀的輸注速率正確答案
- EConfirm that the client has adequate urine output before the infusion is started開始輸注前確認病人有足夠的尿量正確答案
- B使用藥局配製的預混氯化鉀輸液,而不是在床邊把濃縮氯化鉀加入輸液袋
- C輸注過程中經常評估靜脈穿刺部位是否出現靜脈炎或滲漏的徵象
- D使用輸液幫浦控制氯化鉀的輸注速率
- E開始輸注前確認病人有足夠的尿量
正確答案是 B、C、D、E。氯化鉀是高警訊藥物:濃縮氯化鉀不得存放於一般病房,也絕對不可靜脈推注。B:使用藥局或藥廠預混的稀釋輸液,可避免床邊配製造成的濃度錯誤。C:氯化鉀對血管刺激性強,需頻繁評估穿刺部位是否疼痛、發紅、腫脹或滲漏,一旦滲漏立即停止輸注並依院內流程處置,以免組織壞死。D:以輸液幫浦控制速率可防止不慎快速輸注造成高血鉀與心律不整。E:鉀主要由腎臟排除,開始輸注前須確認尿量足夠(一般至少每小時 30 mL 或 0.5 mL/公斤)與腎功能,少尿時補鉀會蓄積而危險。A 錯誤:周邊靜脈輸注速率一般不超過每小時 10 mEq,每小時 40 mEq 會造成劇烈疼痛、靜脈炎與致命性高血鉀;超過每小時 10 mEq 的速率必須經中央靜脈導管並連續心電監測。輸注中與輸注後都要追蹤血清鉀與心電圖。來源:Institute for Safe Medication Practices(ISMP)High-Alert Medications 與靜脈氯化鉀安全建議;Lewis, Medical-Surgical Nursing。
- A以每小時 40 mEq 的速率經周邊靜脈導管輸注氯化鉀
錯誤。周邊靜脈輸注氯化鉀速率一般不超過每小時 10 mEq,每小時 40 mEq 會造成劇痛、靜脈炎與致命高血鉀,且必須中央靜脈與連續心電監測。
- B · 正確答案使用藥局配製的預混氯化鉀輸液,而不是在床邊把濃縮氯化鉀加入輸液袋
正確。使用藥局預混的稀釋輸液可避免床邊配製造成的濃度錯誤,是高警訊藥物的標準安全作法。
- C · 正確答案輸注過程中經常評估靜脈穿刺部位是否出現靜脈炎或滲漏的徵象
正確。氯化鉀對血管刺激性強,需頻繁檢查穿刺部位是否疼痛、發紅、腫脹或滲漏,滲漏可造成組織壞死。
- D · 正確答案使用輸液幫浦控制氯化鉀的輸注速率
正確。輸液幫浦能精準控制輸注速率,防止不慎快速輸注而造成高血鉀與心律不整。
- E · 正確答案開始輸注前確認病人有足夠的尿量
正確。鉀主要經腎臟排除,開始輸注前確認尿量足夠與腎功能正常;少尿時補鉀會蓄積而造成致命高血鉀。
美國依 ISMP 與 Joint Commission 要求,一般病房不得存放濃縮氯化鉀,一律使用藥局預混袋並雙人核對;台灣多數醫院也把氯化鉀列為高警訊藥品,但仍有單位由護理師依醫囑在病房稀釋,更需嚴守速率上限並使用輸液幫浦。
English explanation
Options B, C, D, and E are correct. Potassium chloride is a high-alert medication: concentrated potassium is not stocked on general units and is never given by intravenous push. A premixed solution prepared by the pharmacy avoids the dilution errors that occur when concentrated potassium is added to a bag at the bedside. Because potassium chloride is highly irritating to veins, the nurse assesses the site frequently for pain, redness, swelling, or infiltration and stops the infusion immediately if infiltration occurs, since extravasation can cause tissue necrosis. An infusion pump prevents an accidental rapid infusion that could cause hyperkalemia and dysrhythmias. Potassium is excreted by the kidneys, so adequate urine output, generally at least 30 mL per hour or 0.5 mL/kg per hour, and renal function are confirmed before the infusion begins. Option A is incorrect because peripheral infusion rates usually do not exceed 10 mEq per hour; 40 mEq per hour causes severe pain, phlebitis, and life-threatening hyperkalemia, and any rate above 10 mEq per hour requires a central line with continuous cardiac monitoring. Serum potassium and the electrocardiogram are monitored during and after the infusion. Source: Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) high-alert medication and intravenous potassium chloride safety recommendations; Lewis, Medical-Surgical Nursing.
最近修訂:2026-08-27