護理師照護一位術前禁食（NPO）的病人。下列哪些護理措施能維持病人舒適？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client who is NPO for surgery. Which actions are appropriate to maintain comfort? (Select all that apply.)
- AProvide frequent oral care✓ 正解提供頻繁的口腔護理
- BOffer ice chips to suck on提供冰塊讓病人含吮
- CApply lip balm to prevent chapping✓ 正解塗抹潤唇膏以防止乾裂
- DKeep the environment calm and comfortable✓ 正解保持環境安靜舒適
- ELimit family visitors to reduce stress限制家屬探視以減少壓力
對於術前禁食（NPO）的病人，護理目標是緩解因無法進食而產生的口腔不適與焦慮。頻繁的口腔清潔能預防口腔黏膜乾燥與異味，塗抹護唇膏則能防止嘴唇乾裂，這些都是維持病人基本舒適（Comfort Care）的關鍵動作。術前 NPO 必須維持嚴格性，即使是冰塊（Ice chips）也會刺激胃酸分泌或增加腸胃蠕動，因此除非醫師醫囑允許，否則不可提供。環境的安寧與舒適也有助於減輕病人對手術的生理與心理壓力。
For a client who is NPO before surgery, the goal of nursing care is to relieve oral discomfort and anxiety caused by the inability to eat. Frequent oral care prevents mucosal dryness and bad odor, and applying lip balm prevents chapping; these are key actions that maintain basic comfort care. Strict NPO status must be preserved before surgery, and even ice chips can stimulate gastric acid secretion or increase gastrointestinal motility and must therefore not be offered unless specifically permitted by the physician. A calm, comfortable environment also helps relieve the client's physiological and psychological stress related to surgery.