一位新診斷糖尿病的病人，護理師評估後發現哪些數據符合高血糖高滲透壓狀態（HHS）？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Which findings are consistent with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)? (Select all that apply.)
- ABlood glucose level > 600 mg/dL✓ 正解血糖水平 > 600 mg/dL
- BPresence of serum ketones血清中存在酮體
- CSerum osmolality > 320 mOsm/kg✓ 正解血清滲透壓 > 320 mOsm/kg
- DProfound dehydration✓ 正解嚴重脫水
- EArterial pH 7.15動脈血 pH 7.15
高血糖高滲透壓狀態（HHS）多見於第二型糖尿病病人，其特徵是極高血糖（>600 mg/dL）、嚴重脫水與高滲透壓（>320 mOsm/kg）。與糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）不同，HHS 通常缺乏顯著的酮酸中毒（pH > 7.3，無嚴重酮體），但病人會出現嚴重的意識改變與脫水徵象。護理師需優先補液（Fluid resuscitation）以處理高滲透壓造成的休克風險。
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is most often seen in clients with type 2 diabetes and is characterized by extremely high blood glucose (>600 mg/dL), severe dehydration, and high serum osmolality (>320 mOsm/kg). Unlike diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), HHS typically lacks significant ketoacidosis (pH > 7.3, without notable ketones), but the client commonly presents with severe alterations in mental status and dehydration. The nurse must prioritize fluid resuscitation to address the risk of shock from the elevated osmolality.