護理師照護一位放置外部腦室引流管（EVD）的病人，下列哪些介入措施是必要的？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following interventions are essential when caring for a client with an external ventricular drain (EVD)? (Select all that apply.)
- ALeveling the transducer to the tragus of the ear✓ 正解將換能器與耳屏對齊
- BMonitoring CSF color and clarity every shift✓ 正解每班監測腦脊髓液的顏色與清澈度
- CTurning the client every 2 hours while keeping the system closed在保持系統密閉的情況下每兩小時為病人翻身
- DChanging the dressing daily using sterile technique以無菌技術每日更換敷料
- EDocumenting hourly output and waveform characteristics✓ 正解記錄每小時的引流量與波形特徵
EVD 的核心在於確保顱內壓監測準確與預防感染。換能器對準耳屏可確保壓力讀數正確；監測腦脊髓液性質可早期發現感染或出血；每小時紀錄輸出量與波型是評估腦部灌流的關鍵。更換敷料需遵照無菌原則，但通常非每日更換以降低感染風險。
The core of external ventricular drain (EVD) care is to ensure accurate intracranial pressure monitoring and prevent infection. Leveling the transducer to the tragus ensures accurate pressure readings; monitoring the characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid allows early detection of infection or hemorrhage; hourly recording of output volume and waveform is key to assessing cerebral perfusion. Dressing changes must follow aseptic technique, but are generally not performed daily, in order to lower the risk of infection.
美台對於 EVD 照護無顯著差異，皆強調無菌觀念與壓力校正，但在台灣神經外科常規中，翻身規範往往更為嚴格。