— 心理社會完整性 · HARD · SATA —
護理師照顧一位剛失去配偶的長者。哪些發現顯示其正經歷複雜性哀傷？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for an older adult who has experienced the loss of their spouse. Which findings indicate the individual is experiencing complicated grief? (Select all that apply.)
- AInability to maintain basic hygiene for over 6 months✓ 正解超過 6 個月無法維持基本衛生
- BPersistent feelings of worthlessness and self-loathing✓ 正解持續感到無價值感和自我厭惡
- COccasional crying when looking at old photographs偶爾在看舊照片時哭泣
- DSocial withdrawal that prevents any daily function✓ 正解導致任何日常功能喪失的社交退縮
- EExpressing sadness about the loss during a conversation在對話中表達對喪失的悲傷
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
正常的悲傷過程包含哭泣、難過與懷念；複雜性哀傷則表現為功能喪失，如長期無法自我照顧（A）、出現病態的自我厭惡感（B）及嚴重的社交封閉（D）。選項 C 與 E 是正常悲傷的調適過程，不應歸類為心理病理。
Normal grief includes crying, sadness, and longing; complicated grief, however, presents as a loss of function — such as prolonged inability to perform self-care (A), pathological self-loathing (B), and severe social withdrawal (D). Options C and E represent normal adaptive grief processes and should not be classified as psychopathology.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國護理系統有完整的哀傷諮商轉介機制；台灣常將悲傷視為家庭事務，較少進行結構化的複雜性哀傷篩檢。