下列哪些評估結果顯示心衰竭病人出現體液過多（Fluid volume overload）？（選所有適合的）
Which assessment findings are indicative of fluid volume overload in a client with heart failure? (Select all that apply.)
- ABounding peripheral pulses✓ 正解周邊脈搏強而有力
- BPresence of S3 heart sound✓ 正解出現第三心音（S3）
- CIncreased blood pressure✓ 正解血壓升高
- DDecreased urine specific gravity尿液比重大幅降低
- ECrackles upon lung auscultation✓ 正解聽診肺部時出現囉音
體液過多時，循環血量增加會導致周邊脈搏強而有力（Bounding pulses）、血壓升高。心臟負荷增加導致心室充盈異常，聽診可見 S3 心音（奔馬律）。肺部因積液出現爆裂音（Crackles）。至於尿比重，體液過多時通常為低比重（若腎功能正常），但 D 選項臨床定義較模糊，故選 A, B, C, E 為確切指標。
When fluid volume is excessive, increased circulating volume produces strong, full peripheral pulses (bounding pulses) and elevates blood pressure. Increased cardiac workload causes abnormal ventricular filling, and auscultation may reveal an S3 heart sound (gallop). Pulmonary congestion produces crackles. As for urine specific gravity, with fluid overload it is typically low (assuming normal renal function), but option D's clinical definition is less precise, so A, B, C, and E are selected as the definitive indicators.
美國護理師在進行身體評估時，對於 S3 心音的聽診訓練極為嚴格，且是心臟病評估的必備項目。