— 心理社會完整性 · HARD · SATA —
護理師照顧一位喪偶的長者。下列哪些行為顯示個案正在經歷複雜性哀傷？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for an older adult who is grieving the loss of a spouse. Which behaviors indicate the client is experiencing complicated grief? (Select all that apply.)
- AExhibits persistent disbelief regarding the death after 6 months✓ 正解六個月後仍持續對死亡表示懷疑
- BFrequently talks about the deceased person in a positive light經常正面地談論逝者
- CNeglects personal hygiene and refuses to eat for several weeks✓ 正解忽視個人衛生並拒絕進食數週
- DExpresses intense feelings of anger or guilt related to the death表達與死亡相關的強烈憤怒或罪惡感
- EDisplays excessive avoidance of reminders of the deceased✓ 正解過度回避任何與逝者相關的提醒物
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
複雜性哀傷涉及無法正常功能的長期適應障礙。持續否認死亡、自我照顧功能喪失（不吃不洗）、極度逃避提醒物，均非正常哀傷反應。B選項分享回憶為健康的哀傷過程；D選項在哀傷初期常伴隨憤怒或罪惡感，未必歸類為病態。
Complicated grief involves long-term adjustment disorder with impaired functioning. Persistent denial of the death, loss of self-care (not eating or bathing), and extreme avoidance of reminders are not normal grief reactions. Option B—sharing memories—is part of a healthy grieving process; option D—anger or guilt early in grief—is common and is not necessarily pathological.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國有完善的悲傷諮商與支持團體；台灣社會文化對於「喪禮」有固定程序，但對後續長期喪親心理健康關注度仍有空間。