在大多數臨床指南中，哪些標準用於診斷腦死？（選所有適合的）
Which criteria are used to diagnose Brain Death in most clinical protocols? (Select all that apply.)
- AAbsence of brainstem reflexes✓ 正解缺乏腦幹反射
- BCore body temperature < 32°C核心體溫 < 32°C
- CApnea test showing no respiratory effort✓ 正解顯示無呼吸努力的呼吸暫停試驗
- DIrreversible coma of known cause✓ 正解已知原因的不可逆昏迷
- EPresence of spinal cord reflexes存在脊髓反射
腦死（Brain Death）是指整個腦部（包括腦幹）所有功能不可逆地停止。這是一個法律和醫學上的死亡定義，與植物人狀態或昏迷不同。診斷腦死需要非常嚴格的臨床標準和程序，以確保準確性，排除所有可逆性因素。這些標準通常包括：明確的病因、排除低體溫和藥物中毒等干擾因素，以及一系列的神經學檢查，以確認腦幹反射和自主呼吸功能完全喪失。護理師在協助執行腦死判定時，需對這些標準有清晰的認識。
Brain death refers to the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem. It is a legal and medical definition of death, distinct from a vegetative state or coma. Diagnosing brain death requires very strict clinical criteria and procedures to ensure accuracy and to rule out all reversible factors. These criteria typically include a clearly identified cause, exclusion of confounders such as hypothermia and drug intoxication, and a series of neurologic examinations confirming the complete loss of brainstem reflexes and spontaneous respiration. The nurse assisting in brain-death determination must have a clear understanding of these criteria.