下列哪些病人屬於醫療照護相關感染（HAI）的高風險群？（選所有適合的）
Which clients are at high risk for acquiring a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)? (Select all that apply.)
- AA client with an indwelling urinary catheter✓ 正解留置導尿管的病人
- BA client receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy✓ 正解接受長期皮質類固醇治療的病人
- CA client with a well-managed chronic wound慢性傷口管理良好的病人
- DA client who recently underwent a complex abdominal surgery✓ 正解近期接受複雜腹部手術的病人
- EA client with a central venous catheter✓ 正解擁有中心靜脈導管的病人
醫療照護相關感染（Healthcare-associated infection, HAI）的核心在於「侵入性裝置」與「宿主防禦能力下降」。導尿管與中心靜脈導管提供了微生物進入體內的直接路徑；類固醇抑制了免疫系統的發炎反應，使身體難以對抗病原體；重大腹部手術則破壞了皮膚與黏膜的天然屏障。臨床護理中，降低 HAI 風險的黃金原則是「縮短侵入性裝置留置時間」與「加強無菌技術」。
The core risk factors for healthcare-associated infection (HAI) are 'invasive devices' and 'decreased host defense.' Urinary catheters and central venous catheters provide microorganisms with a direct route into the body; corticosteroids suppress the immune system's inflammatory response, making the body less able to fight pathogens; major abdominal surgery disrupts the natural barriers of skin and mucosa. In clinical nursing, the golden principles for reducing HAI risk are 'shortening the dwell time of invasive devices' and 'strict adherence to aseptic technique.'
台美臨床對於導尿管的規範相似，均強調「每日評估必要性」。但在美國，護理師更常主動向醫療團隊建議移除管路（Nurse-led removal protocol）。