護理師照護一位敗血症病人。哪項發現提示病人正在發展成敗血性休克？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with sepsis. Which finding indicates the client is developing septic shock? (Select all that apply.)
- AWarm, flushed skin皮膚溫暖且潮紅
- BBlood pressure 110/70 mmHg血壓 110/70 mmHg
- CHeart rate 120 bpm✓ 正解心率 120 bpm
- DUrine output 15 mL/hr✓ 正解尿量 15 mL/hr
- ELactate level 4 mmol/L✓ 正解乳酸濃度 4 mmol/L
敗血性休克（Septic Shock）屬於分佈性休克，其病理生理核心在於嚴重的全身性發炎反應導致血管擴張與微血管通透性增加，進而造成組織灌流不足。當病人出現心搏過速（代償性維持心輸出量）、尿量減少（腎臟灌流不足的早期徵象）及乳酸升高（組織缺氧導致無氧代謝），即代表休克已進展。臨床照護應優先監測生命徵象與器官灌流指標，以早期識別器官衰竭之風險。
Septic shock is a form of distributive shock; its core pathophysiology is severe systemic inflammatory response causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion. When the patient shows tachycardia (compensatory effort to maintain cardiac output), decreased urine output (an early sign of hypoperfusion of the kidney), and elevated lactate (anaerobic metabolism due to tissue hypoxia), this indicates progression of shock. Clinical care should prioritize monitoring of vital signs and parameters of organ perfusion to identify the risk of organ failure early.