一位糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）病人，護理師應預期執行哪些措施？（選所有適合的）
A client presents with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which interventions should the nurse anticipate? (Select all that apply.)
- AInitiate an insulin drip✓ 正解開始胰島素靜脈滴注
- BAdminister 0.9% Normal Saline bolus✓ 正解給予 0.9% 生理食鹽水快速輸注
- CMonitor potassium levels✓ 正解監測鉀離子濃度
- DEncourage high-protein snacks鼓勵攝取高蛋白點心
- EAssess for Kussmaul respirations✓ 正解評估庫斯莫爾氏呼吸
DKA 處理三大軸心：液體復甦（NS）、胰島素輸注、電解質監測（特別是鉀）。DKA 發生時鉀離子會從細胞內移至細胞外，治療時胰島素會將鉀帶回細胞內，易造成低血鉀，故需嚴密監測。庫斯莫爾呼吸（Kussmaul）是為了代償代謝性酸中毒的徵象。高蛋白飲食對急性期無幫助，重點在於糾正代謝失衡。
The three axes of DKA management are fluid resuscitation (normal saline), insulin infusion, and electrolyte monitoring (especially potassium). In DKA, potassium shifts from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment; with treatment, insulin drives potassium back into cells and easily produces hypokalemia, so monitoring must be vigilant. Kussmaul respirations are a compensatory sign of metabolic acidosis. A high-protein diet does not help in the acute phase; the focus is on correcting the metabolic imbalance.
美國醫院常見 DKA 專屬 Protocol，護理師可依數據微調滴速；台灣醫院大多由醫師每日調整醫囑。