護理師照護一名連接封閉式胸管引流系統的病人，下列哪些發現需立即通報醫師？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client who has a chest tube connected to a closed-chest drainage system. Which findings should the nurse report to the provider immediately? (Select all that apply.)
- AContinuous bubbling in the water seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶內持續冒泡
- B200 mL of bright red blood drainage in 1 hour✓ 正解1 小時內引流 200 mL 鮮紅色血液
- CFluctuation of the fluid level in the water seal chamber during respiration呼吸時水封瓶內液面波動
- DSubcutaneous emphysema around the insertion site✓ 正解插入部位周圍出現皮下氣腫
- EThe drainage system falling over and breaking the water seal✓ 正解引流系統傾倒並破壞水封
胸管系統中，水封瓶連續氣泡代表系統有漏氣；引流量若超過 100-200 mL/hr 可能暗示活動性出血；皮下氣腫表示空氣逸散至皮下；引流瓶翻倒可能導致水封失效。潮氣波動（tidaling）則是正常呼吸表現，代表系統通暢。
In a closed-chest drainage system, continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber indicates an air leak; drainage exceeding 100-200 mL/hr of bright red blood suggests active hemorrhage; subcutaneous emphysema indicates air leaking into subcutaneous tissue; a fallen drainage system can compromise the water seal and risk pneumothorax. Fluctuation (tidaling) of the fluid level with respiration is a NORMAL finding and indicates a patent system.
胸管護理在台美執業範圍中均為高度專業，美國護理師常執行胸管移除後的敷料更換與評估。