護理師教導病人使用定量吸入器（MDI）。下列哪些步驟是正確的？（選所有適合的）

定量吸入器（Metered-Dose Inhaler, MDI）是治療氣喘（Asthma）或慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）的常用藥物傳輸裝置。正確的使用步驟對於確保藥物能有效沉降到肺部至關重要。 選項 A 是正確的。使用前搖勻吸入器（shake the inhaler well）可以確保藥物懸浮液均勻混合，使每次噴出的藥物劑量準確。 選項 B 是正確的。在吸藥前完全吐氣（breathe out fully），可以清空肺部多餘的空氣，為吸入藥物創造空間，讓藥物能更深入肺部。 選項 D 是正確的。吸藥後閉氣 10 秒（hold the breath for 10 seconds）可以讓藥物有足夠的時間沉降在肺部氣道內，提高療效。 選項 E 是正確的。若使用的是含類固醇的吸入器（steroid inhaler），藥物殘留在口腔可能引起鵝口瘡（oral thrush）等黴菌感染。使用後漱口（rinse the mouth）可以清除殘留藥物，預防此類副作用。 選項 C 是錯誤的。應「緩慢而深沉」地吸氣（inhale slowly and deeply），而非快速吸入（inhale as quickly as possible）。快速吸氣可能導致藥物沉積在上呼吸道，而非深入肺部，降低療效，甚至可能引起喉嚨刺激。 臨床思路（Medication Administration / Patient Education）：病人教育是藥物治療成功的關鍵。護理師需確保病人正確理解並執行吸入器的使用方法，以達到最佳治療效果並減少副作用。

A metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is a commonly used drug-delivery device for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Proper technique is essential to ensure that the medication is deposited deep in the lungs. Option A is correct. Shaking the inhaler before use ensures that the medication suspension is mixed uniformly, providing an accurate dose with each actuation. Option B is correct. Exhaling fully before inhalation empties the lungs of residual air, creating space for the medication and allowing it to travel deeper into the airways. Option D is correct. Holding the breath for 10 seconds after inhalation gives the medication enough time to settle on the airway lining, improving its therapeutic effect. Option E is correct. If a steroid inhaler is used, medication residue in the mouth may cause fungal infections such as oral thrush. Rinsing the mouth after use removes the residue and helps prevent this side effect. Option C is incorrect. Inhalation should be slow and deep rather than as quick as possible. Rapid inhalation can deposit the medication in the upper airway instead of the lower lungs, reducing efficacy and potentially irritating the throat. Clinical reasoning (medication administration / patient education): patient education is critical to successful drug therapy. The nurse must ensure that clients understand and correctly perform inhaler technique to maximize therapeutic effect and minimize side effects.