護理師監測使用 PCA 幫浦的病人。哪些評估對病人安全至關重要？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is managing a client with a PCA pump (Patient-Controlled Analgesia). Which assessments are critical for patient safety? (Select all that apply.)
- ARespiratory rate✓ 正解呼吸速率
- BLevel of sedation✓ 正解鎮靜程度
- COxygen saturation level✓ 正解血氧飽和度
- DAmount of morphine remaining in the bag袋中剩餘嗎啡的量
- EPain intensity score✓ 正解疼痛強度評分
PCA 使用鴉片類藥物，首要風險為呼吸抑制。護理師需監測呼吸速率、鎮靜程度（Sedation score，鎮靜過深通常先於呼吸抑制）、SpO2 以及止痛效果（疼痛指數）。剩餘藥量雖需記錄，但非病人安全監測的核心指標。鎮靜過度是預測呼吸抑制的重要前兆，必須優先評估。
Because PCA pumps deliver opioids, the primary risk is respiratory depression. The nurse must monitor respiratory rate, sedation level (excessive sedation usually precedes respiratory depression), oxygen saturation, and analgesic effect (pain score). The amount of morphine remaining in the bag should be recorded, but it is not a core patient-safety indicator. Excessive sedation is an important early warning of impending respiratory depression and must be assessed first.
美國對 PCA 有極為嚴格的雙人核對與鎮靜監測量表評估；台灣亦有類似規範，但在鎮靜監測的自動化警示系統上可能較少運用。