護理師進入一名患有肺結核(TB)且未戴口罩的病人病房時,護理師必須佩戴哪種個人防護裝備(PPE)?
A nurse enters the room of a client with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and finds the client coughing without a mask. Which personal protective equipment (PPE) must the nurse wear?
- AFace shield and gown面罩和隔離衣
- BDouble gloves雙層手套
- CStandard surgical mask一般外科口罩
- DN95 respirator✓ 正解N95 呼吸器
本題考核空氣傳染預防措施(Airborne Precautions)的核心裝備。肺結核(TB)是經由空氣中微小的飛沫核傳播,這些粒子可長時間懸浮於空氣中,一般外科口罩(Surgical mask)的過濾效率不足以阻擋。因此,醫護人員必須佩戴經美國國家職業安全衛生研究所(NIOSH)認證的 N95 呼吸器(或等級更高者),以確保能過濾 95% 以上的微粒。臨床思維應區分飛沫與空氣傳播:飛沫(Droplet)傳播距離短,外科口罩即可;空氣(Airborne)傳播距離遠且粒子細,必須使用 N95。選項 A 雖能防噴濺,但無法過濾空氣微粒;選項 B 則與呼吸道隔離無關。
This question tests core PPE for airborne precautions. Tuberculosis spreads via small droplet nuclei that can remain suspended in air. Standard surgical masks do not filter these particles. A NIOSH-approved N95 respirator (or higher) is required, filtering at least 95% of particles. Face shields protect against splashes but not airborne particles, and double gloves are unrelated to respiratory isolation.
在美國,N95 呼吸器必須經過年度的密合度測試(Fit Testing),這是 OSHA 的強制規定。台灣醫院雖也要求 N95,但對於每位護理人員每年重新進行科學化的密合度測試執行率不一,多數僅依賴個人主觀的氣密檢查。