護理師準備餵食有吞嚥困難的病人。應採取哪些措施以預防吸入性肺炎？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to feed a client with dysphagia. Which actions should the nurse perform to prevent aspiration? (Select all that apply.)
- AElevate the head of the bed to 90 degrees✓ 正解將床頭抬高至 90 度
- BEncourage the client to tuck the chin when swallowing✓ 正解鼓勵病人在吞嚥時收下巴
- COffer liquids with thin consistency first先提供稀薄質地的液體
- DProvide small bites and ensure the mouth is empty before the next✓ 正解提供小口食物並確保下一次喂食前口腔已清空
- ECheck the gag reflex before beginning the feeding✓ 正解開始餵食前檢查嘔吐反射
吞嚥困難預防吸入性肺炎的關鍵包括：坐姿維持 90 度增加重力排空；下巴內收（Chin tuck）可關閉會厭軟骨防止嗆咳；確認吞嚥完畢再進行下一口；及執行餵食前評估（如嘔吐反射與吞嚥評估）。稀稠液體（薄水）風險最高，通常需增稠劑處理，故選項C錯誤。
Key measures to prevent aspiration pneumonia in clients with dysphagia include: maintaining an upright sitting position at 90 degrees to facilitate gravity-assisted swallowing; using a chin tuck to close the epiglottis and prevent choking; ensuring the previous bolus is swallowed before introducing the next; and performing pre-feeding assessments (such as the gag reflex and swallowing evaluation). Thin liquids carry the highest aspiration risk and typically require thickening agents, which is why option C is incorrect.
美國吞嚥評估常由語言治療師（SLP）執行並制定計畫；台灣則是護理師與復健科共同評估。