針對服用 Warfarin 的心房顫動病人，護理師採取下列哪些護理措施是適當的？（選所有適合的）
Which nursing actions are appropriate when administering Warfarin to a client with atrial fibrillation? (Select all that apply.)
- AMonitor INR levels regularly✓ 正解定期監測 INR 數值
- BAdvise the client to keep consistent vitamin K intake✓ 正解建議病患保持維生素 K 攝取量一致
- CInstruct the client to use a soft-bristled toothbrush✓ 正解指示病患使用軟毛牙刷
- DAdminister the medication with a glass of grapefruit juice以葡萄柚汁送服藥物
- EAssess for signs of bleeding such as hematuria or melena✓ 正解評估是否有血尿或黑便等出血跡象
Warfarin 為維生素 K 拮抗劑，飲食中綠色蔬菜攝取量需穩定以維持藥效穩定。監測 INR 是調整劑量的核心，同時需教導出血防護（軟毛刷牙、觀察出血徵兆）。葡萄柚汁會影響某些藥物代謝，不建議作為常規服藥建議，且與 Warfarin 並無特別的 grapefruit interaction，但應維持服藥一致性。
Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist; the intake of green vegetables in the diet must remain consistent to keep the drug effect stable. INR monitoring is the cornerstone of dose adjustment, and bleeding precautions (using a soft-bristle toothbrush, watching for signs of bleeding) must be taught. Grapefruit juice affects the metabolism of certain medications and is not recommended as a routine recommendation; there is no specific grapefruit interaction with warfarin, but consistency of intake should still be maintained.
美台皆強調 INR 監測與飲食衛教，但美國更依賴抗凝血管理藥師（Anticoagulation Clinic）進行遠端追蹤。