一名 45 歲第一型糖尿病患者出現庫斯莫呼吸(Kussmaul breathing)、水果味呼吸以及血糖 450 mg/dL。該名患者最可能出現何種酸鹼平衡失調?
A 45-year-old client with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus presents with Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath odor, and a blood glucose level of 450 mg/dL. Which acid-base imbalance is the client most likely experiencing?
- ARespiratory acidosis呼吸性酸中毒
- BRespiratory alkalosis呼吸性鹼中毒
- CMetabolic acidosis✓ 正解代謝性酸中毒
- DMetabolic alkalosis代謝性鹼中毒
糖尿病酮酸中毒(DKA)是第一型糖尿病的嚴重併發症。因缺乏胰島素,細胞無法攝取葡萄糖,身體被迫分解脂肪作為能量,產生大量酮體(酸性物質)。當體內酸負荷過重,血液 pH 值下降,呼吸系統會透過代償機制,以深而快的庫斯莫呼吸(Kussmaul breathing)加速排出二氧化碳,試圖減輕酸中毒。這屬於代謝性酸中毒。
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes. With insulin deficiency, cells cannot take up glucose, so the body breaks down fat for energy, producing large amounts of ketones (acids). As acid load increases, blood pH drops, and the respiratory system compensates with deep, rapid Kussmaul breathing to blow off CO2 and counter the acidosis. This is metabolic acidosis.
美國臨床對於 DKA 的處理極度強調液體復甦(Fluid resuscitation)與嚴格的電解質(尤其是鉀離子)監測,護理師需在胰島素給藥前確認鉀濃度,以免發生致命性的心律不整。