護理師照護一名出現糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）徵象的病人，應預期觀察到哪些臨床表現？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with diabetes mellitus who presents with signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which findings should the nurse anticipate? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾呼吸（深快呼吸）
- BFruity breath odor✓ 正解呼氣帶有水果味
- CSerum glucose level of 120 mg/dL血清葡萄糖濃度 120 mg/dL
- DMetabolic alkalosis代謝性鹼中毒
- EKetones in the urine✓ 正解尿液中存在酮體
DKA 是由於胰島素缺乏導致身體代謝脂肪產生酮體，呈現酸中毒。臨床表現包括代償性的庫斯莫爾呼吸（Kussmaul respirations）來排出過多 CO2、口腔出現水果味（丙酮味），以及尿液中出現酮體。血糖通常高於 250 mg/dL，而非 120 mg/dL，且病況應為代謝性酸中毒而非鹼中毒。
DKA results from insulin deficiency, which leads the body to metabolize fat and produce ketone bodies, resulting in acidosis. Clinical manifestations include compensatory Kussmaul respirations to blow off excess CO2, a fruity (acetone) breath odor, and the presence of ketones in the urine. Blood glucose is usually greater than 250 mg/dL rather than 120 mg/dL, and the underlying disturbance is metabolic acidosis rather than alkalosis.
美國常使用 DKA 照護流程（Protocol）；台灣則較依賴醫師臨床判斷，護理紀錄對酮體監測極為重視。