護理師教導高血壓病人生活型態改變。應包含哪些內容？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client with hypertension about lifestyle modifications. Which items should be included? (Select all that apply.)
- ARestrict sodium intake✓ 正解限制鈉攝取
- BEngage in regular aerobic exercise✓ 正解進行規律的有氧運動
- CManage stress through relaxation techniques✓ 正解透過放鬆技巧管理壓力
- DStop smoking✓ 正解戒菸
- ELimit alcohol consumption✓ 正解限制酒精攝取
高血壓（Hypertension）的管理核心在於透過生活型態調整來減輕血管阻力與心臟負荷。鈉離子攝取過多會導致水分滯留（Fluid retention），增加血容量；有氧運動能增強心肺功能並降低周邊血管阻力；壓力管理與戒菸則能抑制交感神經活性，預防血管收縮。限制酒精攝取是為了避免其對血壓控制的負面影響。這些皆為非藥物治療（Non-pharmacological interventions）的黃金準則，能有效降低心血管併發症風險。
The core of hypertension management lies in using lifestyle modifications to reduce vascular resistance and cardiac workload. Excessive sodium intake causes fluid retention and increases blood volume; aerobic exercise strengthens cardiopulmonary function and lowers peripheral vascular resistance; stress management and smoking cessation suppress sympathetic activity and prevent vasoconstriction. Limiting alcohol intake helps avoid its negative impact on blood pressure control. These are gold-standard nonpharmacological interventions that effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications.
美國臨床指引（如 AHA/ACC）非常強調 DASH 飲食與生活型態改變，護理師在衛教時需提供具體的營養諮詢資源。台灣臨床則較常依賴醫師給予飲食建議，護理師角色多為執行衛教單張，美國則更強調護理師在諮詢過程中的主動性。