— 心理社會完整性 · HARD · SATA —
下列哪些評估結果顯示病人可能患有創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）？（選所有適合的）
Which assessment findings are indicative of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? (Select all that apply.)
- ANightmares and flashbacks of the traumatic event✓ 正解創傷事件的噩夢和閃回
- BAvoidance of triggers associated with the trauma✓ 正解逃避與創傷相關的觸發因素
- CHypervigilance and exaggerated startle response✓ 正解過度警覺和誇張的驚嚇反應
- DRapidly cycling mood between euphoria and depression情緒在欣快和抑鬱之間快速循環
- EPersistent negative alterations in cognition and mood✓ 正解持續的認知和情緒負面改變
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
PTSD 的核心特徵包括：侵入性思考（夢魘、閃回）、逃避行為（刻意避開相關觸發因素）、過度警覺（對噪音易驚嚇）、以及負面的認知與情緒改變。選項 D 的躁狂與憂鬱交替屬於雙極性疾患（Bipolar Disorder）的特徵，不屬於 PTSD 的診斷準則。
The core features of PTSD include intrusive thoughts (nightmares, flashbacks), avoidance behaviors (deliberately avoiding triggers), hyperarousal (heightened startle response to noise), and persistent negative alterations in cognition and mood. Option D, alternating mania and depression, is characteristic of bipolar disorder and does not meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國對退伍軍人的 PTSD 篩檢與照護系統非常完整；台灣則多見於車禍或災難後追蹤，系統性照護整合度仍在發展中。