護理師照護一位需要全靜脈營養（TPN）的病人，應採取哪些措施以預防併發症？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client who requires total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which actions should the nurse perform to prevent complications? (Select all that apply.)
- AUse an infusion pump for administration✓ 正解使用輸液幫浦給藥
- BChange the TPN tubing every 24 hours✓ 正解每 24 小時更換 TPN 管路
- CMonitor blood glucose levels every 6 hours✓ 正解每 6 小時監測血糖
- DVerify the TPN bag label against the physician's order✓ 正解核對 TPN 袋標籤與醫師醫囑
- EAdd medications to the TPN bag on the unit在病房內將藥物添加至 TPN 袋中
全靜脈營養（TPN）是一種高滲透壓、高營養濃度的靜脈輸液，極易成為細菌繁殖的溫床，且會顯著影響病人的血糖恆定。護理照護的核心在於預防敗血症（Sepsis）及代謝性併發症。護理師必須嚴格遵循無菌技術，並透過精密的輸液泵控制流速，以避免血糖劇烈波動。核對醫囑與藥局調配是確保病人安全的最後防線，任何藥物添加都必須在層流櫃（Laminar flow hood）下進行，以防污染。
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a hyperosmolar, nutrient-dense IV solution that readily supports bacterial growth and substantially affects glycemic homeostasis. The core of nursing care is preventing sepsis and metabolic complications. The nurse must strictly adhere to aseptic technique and use a precise infusion pump to control the flow rate to prevent dramatic blood glucose swings. Verifying the order and pharmacy preparation is the last line of defense for patient safety, and any medication additive must be added under a laminar flow hood to prevent contamination.
在美國，TPN 的調配嚴格由藥局（Pharmacy）執行，護理師絕不可在病房自行添加任何藥物（如添加維生素或電解質）。台灣部分醫療機構在執行上有時會因人力或設備受限而有不同操作，但在 NCLEX 考試中，必須堅持最高標準的無菌防護。