下列哪些病人為「乳膠過敏」的高風險群？（選所有適合的）
Which client is at risk for a latex allergy? (Select all that apply.)
- AClient with spina bifida✓ 正解患有脊柱裂的病人
- BClient with multiple surgeries in childhood✓ 正解童年時期接受多次手術的病人
- CClient who is a healthcare worker✓ 正解醫療從業人員病人
- DClient with food allergies to bananas and avocados✓ 正解對香蕉和酪梨有食物過敏的病人
- EClient with seasonal allergies患有季節性過敏的病人
乳膠過敏（Latex allergy）的高風險群主要源於長期反覆暴露於乳膠製品。醫療人員頻繁接觸手套，脊柱裂（Spina bifida）患者因先天疾病需多次接受手術與侵入性治療，以及有多次手術史的兒童，皆因長期接觸而導致致敏化。此外，乳膠蛋白質結構與某些水果（如香蕉、酪梨、奇異果）相似，會引發「乳膠-水果症候群（Latex-fruit syndrome）」，產生交叉過敏反應。臨床上，辨識這些高風險群能提早採取預防措施，如使用無乳膠手套，預防過敏性休克發生。
High-risk groups for latex allergy are primarily those with long-term, repeated exposure to latex products. Healthcare workers frequently use latex gloves; clients with spina bifida require multiple surgeries and invasive procedures because of their congenital condition; and children with multiple surgeries become sensitized through repeated exposure. In addition, latex proteins share structural similarities with certain fruits (such as banana, avocado, and kiwi), leading to 'latex-fruit syndrome' and cross-reactive allergy. Clinically, identifying these high-risk groups allows early preventive measures—such as using latex-free gloves—to prevent anaphylactic shock.
美國醫院全面推行「Latex-free」環境，若病史顯示乳膠過敏，護理師需確認所有醫材（包括止血帶、點滴管、手套）皆為無乳膠材質。台灣醫院雖也重視，但部分基層醫療單位仍可能使用含乳膠醫材，赴美執業需更嚴格執行標籤確認與環境控制。