一位接受肝素(Heparin)點滴輸注的病人,護理師應監測哪些徵兆以預防不良反應?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is caring for a client receiving Heparin infusion. Which signs should the nurse monitor for potential adverse effects? (Select all that apply.)
- AHematuria✓ 正解血尿
- BGingival bleeding✓ 正解牙齦出血
- CBruising at the injection site✓ 正解注射部位瘀青
- DIncreased blood pressure血壓升高
- EBlack, tarry stools✓ 正解黑色柏油樣糞便
肝素(Heparin)是一種抗凝血劑,透過抑制凝血因子(如凝血酶 thrombin)來預防血栓形成。其最主要的副作用是出血。護理師在照護時,應遵循系統性出血評估原則,監測黏膜、皮膚及排泄物是否有異常出血跡象。當病人出現多處出血徵兆時,需立即通知醫師並準備監測活化部分凝血活酶時間(aPTT)或抗凝血因子活性,必要時需準備解毒劑魚精蛋白(Protamine Sulfate)。
Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents thrombus formation by inhibiting clotting factors such as thrombin; its major adverse effect is bleeding. Monitor for hematuria, gingival bleeding, bruising at the injection site, and melena (black tarry stools indicating GI bleed). Hypertension is not associated with heparin; severe internal bleeding would actually produce hypotension and tachycardia. Protamine sulfate is the antidote.
台灣與美國臨床在肝素給藥上均高度依賴 aPTT 監測(或 Anti-Xa),但在美國護理實務中,對於 Heparin 點滴滴定(Titration)通常有嚴格的醫院規範(Protocol),護理師需根據檢驗數據依照醫囑進行調整,此點與台灣部分地區由醫師調整劑量略有不同。