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藥理與非經腸給藥 · MEDIUM · SATA

一位接受肝素(Heparin)點滴輸注的病人,護理師應監測哪些徵兆以預防不良反應?(選所有適合的)

A nurse is caring for a client receiving Heparin infusion. Which signs should the nurse monitor for potential adverse effects? (Select all that apply.)

  • AHematuria✓ 正解
    血尿
  • BGingival bleeding✓ 正解
    牙齦出血
  • CBruising at the injection site✓ 正解
    注射部位瘀青
  • DIncreased blood pressure
    血壓升高
  • EBlack, tarry stools✓ 正解
    黑色柏油樣糞便
Explanation · 中文詳解

肝素(Heparin)是一種抗凝血劑,透過抑制凝血因子(如凝血酶 thrombin)來預防血栓形成。其最主要的副作用是出血。護理師在照護時,應遵循系統性出血評估原則,監測黏膜、皮膚及排泄物是否有異常出血跡象。當病人出現多處出血徵兆時,需立即通知醫師並準備監測活化部分凝血活酶時間(aPTT)或抗凝血因子活性,必要時需準備解毒劑魚精蛋白(Protamine Sulfate)。

Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents thrombus formation by inhibiting clotting factors such as thrombin; its major adverse effect is bleeding. Monitor for hematuria, gingival bleeding, bruising at the injection site, and melena (black tarry stools indicating GI bleed). Hypertension is not associated with heparin; severe internal bleeding would actually produce hypotension and tachycardia. Protamine sulfate is the antidote.

✦ 台美臨床差異

台灣與美國臨床在肝素給藥上均高度依賴 aPTT 監測(或 Anti-Xa),但在美國護理實務中,對於 Heparin 點滴滴定(Titration)通常有嚴格的醫院規範(Protocol),護理師需根據檢驗數據依照醫囑進行調整,此點與台灣部分地區由醫師調整劑量略有不同。

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