護理師準備經由鼻胃管給藥，為降低吸入性肺炎風險，下列哪些措施是必要的？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to administer medication via an NG tube. Which of the following actions should the nurse perform to reduce the risk of aspiration? (Select all that apply.)
- AElevate the head of the bed to at least 30 to 45 degrees✓ 正解將床頭抬高至少30至45度
- BVerify tube placement by checking gastric pH✓ 正解通過檢查胃液pH值來確認管路位置
- CFlush the tube with 15-30 mL of water before and after medication在給藥前後用15-30毫升的水沖洗管路
- DAdminister cold medication to prevent gastric irritation給藥冷卻藥物以預防胃部不適
- ECheck gastric residual volume before administration✓ 正解在給藥前檢查胃餘留量
預防鼻胃管給藥導致吸入性肺炎，核心在於確保呼吸道防禦與胃部耐受性。將床頭抬高能利用重力防止逆流；確認位置能確保藥物進入胃部而非肺部；檢查胃餘留量能評估胃排空情況。沖洗管路僅是預防阻塞，非直接降低吸入風險；藥物過冷亦非關鍵。
Preventing aspiration pneumonia during NG tube medication administration centers on protecting the airway and ensuring gastric tolerance. Elevating the head of the bed uses gravity to prevent reflux; verifying placement ensures the medication enters the stomach rather than the lungs; and checking gastric residual volume assesses gastric emptying. Flushing the tube only prevents occlusion and does not directly reduce aspiration risk; cold medication temperature is also not a key factor.
台灣醫院目前多採用 pH 值測試結合 X 光確認位置；美國部分單位已全面禁用測 pH 值，改以觀察留置刻度變化為主。