慢性腎臟病（CKD）病人需執行低鉀飲食，護理師應指導病人避免攝取哪些食物？（選所有適合的）
A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prescribed a low-potassium diet. Which foods should the nurse teach the client to avoid? (Select all that apply.)
- ASpinach✓ 正解菠菜
- BBananas✓ 正解香蕉
- CWhite bread白麵包
- DPotatoes✓ 正解馬鈴薯
- ETomatoes✓ 正解番茄
慢性腎臟病（CKD）病人因腎絲球過濾率下降，導致鉀離子排泄障礙，極易引發高血鉀症（Hyperkalemia）。高血鉀會影響心肌傳導，導致致命性心律不整（如心室顫動）。護理師應指導病人限制高鉀食物攝取，以維持血鉀在正常範圍（3.5-5.0 mEq/L）。選項 A、B、D、E 均為高鉀食物，必須限制；白吐司則相對安全，屬於低鉀澱粉類。
In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), the glomerular filtration rate is reduced, impairing potassium excretion and predisposing the patient to hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia affects myocardial conduction and can lead to fatal arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation. The nurse should instruct the patient to limit intake of high-potassium foods and keep serum potassium within the normal range (3.5–5.0 mEq/L). Options A, B, D, and E are all high-potassium foods and must be restricted; white toast is relatively safe, being a low-potassium starch.
美國臨床營養師（RD）對CKD病人的飲食衛教非常精確，通常會提供詳細的食物鉀含量清單（如高鉀vs低鉀食物表）。台灣臨床則常強調「避免喝菜湯」及「水果去皮切塊泡水」，這些具體的處理技巧在美國衛教中同樣適用但更強調食物成分標示的閱讀。