護理師正在照護一位心臟衰竭急性發作的病人。哪項評估發現最能指示急性肺水腫？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with an exacerbation of heart failure. Which assessment finding is MOST indicative of acute pulmonary edema? (Select all that apply.)
- ABibasilar crackles✓ 正解雙側肺底囉音
- BDyspnea at rest✓ 正解休息時呼吸困難
- COrthopnea✓ 正解端坐呼吸
- DPeripheral edema周邊水腫
- EWeight loss體重減輕
急性肺水腫是心臟衰竭的緊急表現，最典型的症狀包括：呼吸困難（尤其是休息時 Dyspnea at rest）、端坐呼吸（Orthopnea，需坐著才能呼吸）、肺底囉音（Bibasilar crackles）。周邊水腫是體液滯留，但非急性肺水腫的特異性表現。體重減輕表示水分流失，與肺水腫相反。
Acute pulmonary edema is an emergency manifestation of heart failure, and its most typical symptoms include dyspnea (especially dyspnea at rest), orthopnea (requiring an upright position to breathe), and bibasilar crackles. Peripheral edema reflects fluid retention but is not a specific feature of acute pulmonary edema. Weight loss represents fluid loss, which is the opposite of pulmonary edema.
美國的急診室對急性肺水腫的處置流程強調早期給予利尿劑、嗎啡和氧氣；台灣的照護也遵循類似原則，但病人對症狀的警覺性與及時就醫很重要。