護理師向新診斷第一型糖尿病病人衛教低血糖。下列哪些是病人應識別的低血糖早期症狀？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes about hypoglycemia. Which symptoms should the nurse instruct the client to recognize as early signs of hypoglycemia? (Select all that apply.)
- ADiaphoresis✓ 正解盜汗
- BTremors✓ 正解顫抖
- CPolyuria多尿
- DPalpitations✓ 正解心悸
- EConfusion意識混亂
第一型糖尿病（Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus）病人需學會辨識低血糖（hypoglycemia）的早期症狀，以便及時處理，避免進一步惡化。低血糖發生時，身體會啟動應激反應，釋放腎上腺素，導致一系列自主神經系統的表現。出汗（diaphoresis）、顫抖（tremors）和心悸（palpitations）是典型的早期症狀，源於交感神經的過度活躍。意識混亂（confusion）則表示血糖已低到影響腦部功能，屬於中晚期症狀。多尿（polyuria）是高血糖（hyperglycemia）的症狀，而非低血糖。因此，護理師應指導病人識別出汗、顫抖和心悸作為低血糖的警訊。
Clients with type 1 diabetes mellitus must learn to recognize the early signs of hypoglycemia so they can treat it promptly and prevent further deterioration. When hypoglycemia occurs, the body activates a stress response and releases epinephrine, producing a constellation of autonomic nervous system findings. Diaphoresis, tremors, and palpitations are classic early signs resulting from sympathetic overactivity. Confusion indicates that the blood glucose is already low enough to impair brain function and represents a more advanced sign. Polyuria is a symptom of hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Therefore, the nurse should instruct the client to recognize diaphoresis, tremors, and palpitations as warning signs of hypoglycemia.
關於低血糖症狀的衛教，台美兩地的核心內容一致，都強調識別出汗、顫抖、心悸等早期交感神經興奮症狀，以及後續可能出現的意識改變。然而，在衛教方式和資源上可能存在差異。美國的糖尿病教育可能更多地利用互動式 App、線上資源、以及由認證的糖尿病衛教師（Certified Diabetes Educator, CDE）進行一對一指導。台灣則可能更多依賴醫師或護理師在門診或住院期間的口頭衛教，輔以衛教手冊。此外，美國對於低血糖急救（如攜帶葡萄糖錠或含糖飲料）的強調可能更為普遍和系統化。