— 藥理與非經腸給藥 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師在給予抗凝血劑華法林（Warfarin）時，應執行哪些護理措施？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following nursing interventions should be implemented when administering warfarin to a client? (Select all that apply.)
- AMonitor the International Normalized Ratio (INR)✓ 正解監測國際標準化比值（INR）
- BTeach the client to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K-rich foods✓ 正解教導病人維持維生素K豐富食物的攝取量一致
- CAssess for signs of bleeding, such as epistaxis or bruising✓ 正解評估是否有出血跡象，例如鼻出血或瘀青
- DEncourage the use of a soft-bristle toothbrush✓ 正解鼓勵使用軟毛牙刷
- EAdminister the medication with a large dose of aspirin for synergistic effect與大劑量阿斯匹靈併用以產生協同效應
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
華法林透過干擾維生素 K 循環發揮作用。監測 INR 可確保治療窗。由於維生素 K 會拮抗藥效，飲食需穩定而非禁食。出血跡象（如鼻出血、瘀青）需即時評估。使用軟毛刷可降低牙齦出血風險。不可自行併用阿斯匹靈，因其會加重出血風險，非加成作用。
Warfarin works by interfering with vitamin K recycling. INR monitoring ensures therapeutic window. Since vitamin K antagonizes the drug, intake should be consistent rather than avoided. Bleeding signs (epistaxis, bruising) require prompt assessment. Soft-bristled toothbrushes reduce gum bleeding risk. Aspirin must not be combined without medical approval as it increases bleeding risk rather than producing a synergistic effect.
✦ 台美臨床差異
台灣門診病人常因服用中草藥與華法林產生交互作用，護理師需特別加強評估補充食品的習慣。