護理師照護輸血病人，哪些徵兆暗示可能發生溶血反應？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client receiving a blood transfusion. Which signs indicate a possible hemolytic reaction? (Select all that apply.)
- ALower back pain✓ 正解下背痛
- BHypotension✓ 正解低血壓
- CFlushing of the face✓ 正解臉部潮紅
- DFever and chills✓ 正解發燒與畏寒
- ETachycardia✓ 正解心跳過速
急性溶血性輸血反應（Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction）是極為嚴重的輸血併發症，通常由 ABO 血型不合引起。當輸入不相容血液時，受體的抗體會攻擊供體的紅血球，導致紅血球大量破裂，釋放出血紅素，進而引發一系列全身性反應。護理師必須熟悉此類反應的徵兆，以便在第一時間採取緊急處置：立即停止輸血、更換靜脈管路（以生理食鹽水維持管路通暢），並通知醫師與血庫。
Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions are severe complications often caused by ABO incompatibility, leading to rapid red blood cell destruction and systemic immune activation. Clinical signs include fever and chills due to immune response, facial flushing from inflammation, tachycardia as a compensatory mechanism for hypotension, lower back pain from renal tubule obstruction, and hypotension resulting from acute vasodilation.