護理師照顧一位第一型糖尿病病人，應監測哪些徵兆以防糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is providing care for a client with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Which symptoms should the nurse monitor for as signs of DKA? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾氏呼吸
- BFruity breath odor✓ 正解呼氣帶有水果味
- CHypoglycemia低血糖
- DHyperglycemia✓ 正解高血糖
- EKetones in the urine✓ 正解尿液中存在酮體
DKA 的病理機制為胰島素嚴重不足，身體轉而分解脂肪，產生酮體。症狀包括：血糖過高（>250 mg/dL）、呼吸呈現深快呼吸（Kussmaul）以補償代謝性酸中毒、呼氣帶有水果味（酮體味）、尿液出現酮體。低血糖（C）是 DKA 的反面徵兆，通常與過量胰島素有關，而非 DKA 的表徵。
The pathologic mechanism of DKA is a severe insulin deficiency causing the body to break down fat, producing ketone bodies. Symptoms include elevated blood glucose (>250 mg/dL), Kussmaul respirations (deep and rapid breathing to compensate for metabolic acidosis), fruity (acetone) breath odor, and ketones in the urine. Hypoglycemia (C) is the opposite finding of DKA, usually associated with excessive insulin rather than being a manifestation of DKA.
美國護理師常負責教導病人使用居家酮體試紙，台灣病患則多專注於血糖儀測量，對酮體檢測的衛教普及度相對較低。