護理師照護一位有顱內壓（ICP）升高風險的頭部外傷病人，哪些措施對管理此風險很重要？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a head injury who is at risk for increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which interventions are important for managing this risk? (Select all that apply.)
- AFlex the client's neck and hips to 90 degrees for comfort為提升舒適度，將病人的頸部與髖部屈曲至 90 度
- BMaintain head-of-bed elevation at 30 degrees✓ 正解將床頭抬高維持在 30 度
- CKeep the room dimly lit and quiet✓ 正解保持房間燈光昏暗且安靜
- DCluster all nursing activities into one prolonged session to maximize uninterrupted rest將所有護理活動集中在一次長時間照護中，以延長不受打擾的休息時間
- EAdminister stool softeners to prevent straining✓ 正解給予軟便劑以預防用力排便
顱內壓照護的重點包括促進腦部靜脈回流、減少刺激及避免 Valsalva maneuver。床頭抬高約 30 度、維持安靜低刺激環境，以及依處方使用軟便劑，均有助於降低壓力波動。頸部或髖部過度屈曲會妨礙回流，將照護集中成長時間密集刺激也可能使顱內壓持續升高。
Clients with head injury require close monitoring for the risk of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Prevention of rising ICP requires several nursing measures: maintaining head-of-bed elevation at 30 degrees to promote venous return; reducing environmental stimuli (light and noise) to minimize metabolic demand and blood pressure swings; and using stool softeners to prevent constipation, thereby avoiding sudden spikes in intra-abdominal and intracranial pressure from straining (the Valsalva maneuver). All of these options are essential elements of care for preventing increased ICP.