肝硬化病人出現哪些臨床評估發現，暗示有門靜脈高壓？（選所有適合的）
Which assessment findings in a client with cirrhosis indicate portal hypertension? (Select all that apply.)
- AAscites✓ 正解腹水
- BEsophageal varices✓ 正解食道靜脈曲張
- CCaput medusae✓ 正解海蛇頭（Caput medusae）
- DJaundice黃疸
- ESplenomegaly✓ 正解脾腫大
門靜脈高壓造成血管壓力上升，體液外漏至腹腔引起腹水（Ascites），靜脈側支循環導致食道靜脈曲張（Esophageal varices）與腹壁靜脈曲張（Caput medusae），同時因血液瘀積於脾臟導致脾腫大（Splenomegaly）。黃疸（Jaundice）則是肝細胞功能衰退或膽道代謝障礙引起，與門靜脈壓力無直接因果關係。
Portal hypertension increases vascular pressure, causing fluid to leak into the peritoneal cavity and producing ascites; collateral venous circulation leads to esophageal varices and abdominal wall varices (caput medusae), while blood pooling in the spleen results in splenomegaly. Jaundice arises from hepatocellular dysfunction or impaired biliary metabolism and has no direct causal relationship with portal venous pressure.
台灣肝硬化多由 B/C 型肝炎引起；美國則以酒精性與非酒精性脂肪肝炎為大宗，臨床衛教重點略有不同。