慢性腎臟病病人出現哪些徵象應懷疑高血鉀？（選所有適合的）
Which assessment findings should alert the nurse to potential hyperkalemia in a client with chronic kidney disease? (Select all that apply.)
- AMuscle weakness✓ 正解肌肉無力
- BPeaked T waves on ECG✓ 正解心電圖出現尖峰T波
- CFlattened T wavesT波平坦
- DAbdominal cramping✓ 正解腹部絞痛
- EHyperactive bowel sounds✓ 正解腸鳴音亢進
慢性腎臟病（CKD）病人因腎臟排泄鉀離子的能力下降，極易發生高血鉀。高血鉀會導致細胞膜去極化異常，影響肌肉收縮與心肌傳導。臨床表現包括骨骼肌無力、腹部絞痛、腸蠕動亢進（因平滑肌受刺激），以及心電圖上的特徵性改變，如 T 波高聳（Peaked T waves）、QRS 波增寬，嚴重者可能導致心跳停止。
Clients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly susceptible to hyperkalemia because of the kidneys' reduced ability to excrete potassium. Hyperkalemia causes abnormal cell membrane depolarization, affecting muscle contraction and cardiac conduction. Clinical manifestations include skeletal muscle weakness, abdominal cramping, increased bowel motility (due to stimulation of smooth muscle), and characteristic ECG changes such as peaked T waves and widened QRS complex; in severe cases, cardiac arrest can occur.