護理師照顧一位痰液培養呈現結核分枝桿菌陽性的病人，應執行哪種隔離措施？
A nurse is caring for a client who has a positive result on a sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Which isolation precaution should the nurse initiate?
- AContact precautions接觸預防措施
- BDroplet precautions飛沫預防措施
- CAirborne precautions✓ 正解空氣傳播預防措施
- DProtective environment保護性環境
結核分枝桿菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）主要透過空氣傳播，病原體會懸浮在小於 5 微米的飛沫核中，可長時間停留在空氣中並隨氣流傳播。根據標準預防措施（Standard Precautions）與傳播途徑預防措施（Transmission-Based Precautions），護理師必須啟動空氣隔離（Airborne Precautions）。除了將病人安置於負壓隔離病房（Negative Pressure Room）外，醫護人員進入病房時必須配戴經過密合度測試（Fit-tested）的 N95 口罩，以過濾掉微小的感染性顆粒，確保人員安全。
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through the air; the pathogen is carried in droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns that can remain suspended in the air for prolonged periods and travel with air currents. Based on Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions, the nurse must implement Airborne Precautions. In addition to placing the client in a negative-pressure isolation room, healthcare workers must wear a fit-tested N95 respirator on entry to filter out the small infectious particles and protect personnel.
美國醫院對於結核病人的隔離要求極為嚴格，負壓隔離病房的監控數據需定期記錄，且 N95 口罩必須每年進行 Fit-testing。台灣臨床亦有類似規範，但美國更強調單位內的感染控制小組（Infection Control Team）對空氣監測的即時管理。