病人服用華法林（Warfarin），護理師應評估哪些跡象並即刻回報醫師？（選所有適合的）
A client is prescribed warfarin therapy. Which findings should the nurse identify as requiring immediate reporting to the provider? (Select all that apply.)
- APresence of dark, tarry stools✓ 正解出現黑色、柏油樣糞便
- BNew onset of epistaxis✓ 正解新發性鼻出血
- CBruising on the forearms from light impact✓ 正解前臂因輕微碰撞而出現瘀青
- DDifficulty swallowing pills吞嚥藥丸困難
- EBleeding gums while brushing teeth✓ 正解刷牙時牙齦出血
華法林（Warfarin）治療期間需嚴密監測凝血指標（INR）。若出現異常出血跡象，如柏油狀黑便（暗示上消化道出血）、流鼻血、刷牙出血與異常瘀青，均為凝血功能過低（INR 過高）的警訊。護理師必須評估這些徵兆，並即刻回報醫師，以便評估凝血指標並調整劑量，以防發生嚴重內出血。這些警訊是病人居家照護衛教中必須強調的重點。
Clients on warfarin therapy require close monitoring of coagulation parameters (INR). Abnormal bleeding signs—such as tarry black stools (suggesting upper GI bleeding), epistaxis, gingival bleeding when brushing teeth, and unusual bruising—are warning signs of excessive anticoagulation (an elevated INR). The nurse must assess for these findings and report them to the provider immediately so that the INR can be evaluated and the dose adjusted to prevent severe internal bleeding. These warning signs are key points to emphasize during home care teaching.