護理師照護一位使用胸腔引流系統的病人。下列哪些情況需立即通知醫師？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a chest tube drainage system. Which findings warrant immediate notification of the provider? (Select all that apply.)
- AContinuous bubbling in the water seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶內持續冒泡
- BDrainage of 150 mL of bright red blood in one hour✓ 正解一小時內引流 150 mL 鮮紅色血液
- CFluctuation of the fluid in the water seal chamber水封瓶內液面隨呼吸波動
- DSubcutaneous emphysema around the insertion site✓ 正解插入口周圍出現皮下氣腫
- EThe chest tube has become disconnected from the system✓ 正解胸管與引流系統脫離
胸管系統（Chest tube system）的異常徵兆需立即處理。水封瓶連續氣泡（Continuous bubbling）暗示系統漏氣；每小時大量鮮紅血流代表活動性出血；皮下氣腫（Subcutaneous emphysema）顯示氣體外溢；胸管脫落則會引發氣胸。波動（Fluctuation）是正常的呼吸潮汐現象，無需通知醫師。
Abnormal findings in a chest tube system require immediate intervention. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber suggests an air leak in the system; drainage of a large volume of bright red blood per hour indicates active bleeding; subcutaneous emphysema indicates air leakage into the tissues; and disconnection of the chest tube can cause pneumothorax. Fluctuation (tidaling) is a normal respiratory phenomenon and does not require notifying the physician.