對於有誤吸史的病人，哪些護理措施是恰當的？（選所有適合的）
Which interventions are appropriate for a client with a history of aspiration? (Select all that apply.)
- AThicken liquids to a nectar-like or honey-like consistency.✓ 正解將液體增稠至像蜜或蜂蜜般的濃度。
- BEncourage the client to talk while chewing to improve social interaction.鼓勵病人在咀嚼時說話以增進社交互動。
- CEnsure the client is sitting at a 90-degree angle during meals.✓ 正解確保病人在進餐時保持90度坐姿。
- DProvide small bites and wait for the client to swallow completely.✓ 正解提供小口食物，並等待病人完全吞下。
- EOffer thin liquids to wash down solid food.提供清流質以送服固體食物。
誤吸預防重點：增稠液體（A）可減慢流速，讓病人有時間啟動吞嚥反射；維持 90 度坐姿（C）利用重力輔助；少量餵食並確認吞完（D）。B 錯誤：說話會打開會厭，增加食物入氣管風險。E 錯誤：稀薄液體（Thin liquids）流動最快，最容易造成誤吸，絕不可用來「沖下」固體食物。
Appropriate interventions include thickening liquids to slow their flow and allow better swallowing control, maintaining a 90-degree upright position to use gravity for safe swallowing, and providing small bites while waiting for complete swallowing to prevent choking. Encouraging talking while eating increases aspiration risk by keeping the epiglottis open, and offering thin liquids is dangerous as they are the hardest to control for clients with dysphagia.
美國 NCLEX 經常測試不同稠度（Nectar vs Honey）的定義；台灣則常用「果凍」或「糊餐」統稱。