護理師照顧一位患有創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）的個案。下列哪些護理措施應納入照護計畫？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is providing care to a client with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? (Select all that apply.)
- AEstablish a consistent, predictable daily routine✓ 正解建立一致且可預測的日常作息
- BEncourage the client to discuss the traumatic event in detail鼓勵個案詳細討論創傷事件
- CTeach grounding techniques to manage flashbacks✓ 正解教導接地技術以管理閃回症狀
- DAvoid sudden movements or loud noises near the client✓ 正解避免在個案附近突然移動或發出巨大噪音
- EPromote participation in group therapy sessions✓ 正解促進參與團體治療課程
PTSD 患者的核心需求是安全感與穩定性。建立規律作息能降低失控感；基礎技巧（grounding）有助於將個案拉回現實；避免驚嚇性刺激能降低過度警覺（hypervigilance）。團體治療能提供同儕支持。不建議強制要求個案描述細節，應在專業心理治療師引導下循序漸進，以免造成再次創傷（retraumatization）。
Establishing a consistent routine and avoiding sudden stimuli reduces anxiety and supports safety for clients with PTSD. Teaching grounding techniques helps manage flashbacks by reconnecting the client with the present, while group therapy provides peer support. Detailed discussion of trauma should be avoided unless guided by a specialist to prevent retraumatization.
美國醫療系統對 PTSD 的心理治療有分級制度；台灣對於 PTSD 的心理與社工介入相對資源分散，多由精神科醫師主導。