— 生理適應 · HARD · SATA —
一位病人被診斷為急性腎絲球腎炎。預期會發現哪些徵象？（選所有適合的）
A client is diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. Which findings are expected? (Select all that apply.)
- AHematuria (tea-colored urine)✓ 正解血尿（茶色尿液）
- BProteinuria✓ 正解蛋白尿
- CHypertension✓ 正解高血壓
- DPeripheral edema✓ 正解周邊水腫
- EHypotension低血壓
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
急性腎絲球腎炎（Acute Glomerulonephritis）通常源於鏈球菌感染後的免疫複合物沉積，導致腎絲球發炎。發炎導致腎絲球通透性增加，紅血球與蛋白質漏入尿液，產生血尿與蛋白尿。同時，腎絲球過濾率（GFR）下降導致鈉水滯留，引起高血壓與水腫。臨床評估重點在於偵測這些液體過載與腎功能受損的徵象。
Acute glomerulonephritis causes increased glomerular permeability, leading to hematuria and proteinuria. Decreased glomerular filtration rate results in sodium and water retention, which manifests as hypertension and peripheral edema.