護理師需為病人進行無菌傷口換藥，下列哪些做法可維持無菌原則？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client who requires a sterile dressing change. Which actions should the nurse take to maintain asepsis? (Select all that apply.)
- AKeep the sterile field above waist level✓ 正解保持無菌區域在腰部以上
- BAvoid talking over the sterile field✓ 正解避免在無菌區域上方說話
- CHold the sterile package open away from the body✓ 正解手持無菌包裝打開時遠離身體
- DConsider the outer 1 inch of the sterile drape as contaminated✓ 正解將無菌單布的外側 1 英寸視為已污染
- EPlace sterile items at the center of the field✓ 正解將無菌物品放置在區域中央
外科無菌技術原則：A. 維持無菌場域於腰部以上以保持視覺監控；B. 避免在無菌場域上方說話以防飛沫污染；C. 開啟無菌包裝時將開口遠離身體，避免衣物或手部跨越污染包裝內容；D. 鋪單最外緣 1 英寸（2.5 公分）視為污染區；E. 將無菌物品放置於場域中心避免邊緣污染風險。所有選項皆為標準無菌操作原則。
Maintain the sterile field above waist level to ensure items remain within the line of vision, as areas below are considered contaminated. Avoid talking over the sterile field to prevent respiratory droplet contamination, and hold sterile packages open away from the body to prevent uniform or hand contact. Additionally, consider the outer 1-inch border of sterile drapes as contaminated and place sterile items in the center of the field to maintain a safe sterile zone.
美台兩地對無菌技術的教學標準一致，但台灣臨床可能因設備與人力緊縮，偶有技術細節變異，仍需遵守嚴格的無菌原則。