病人被診斷為瀰漫性血管內凝血（DIC）。護理師應預期哪些檢驗發現？（選所有適合的）
A client is diagnosed with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which laboratory findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
- AProlonged prothrombin time (PT)✓ 正解凝血酶原時間（PT）延長
- BDecreased D-dimer levelsD-dimer 濃度降低
- CDecreased platelet count✓ 正解血小板計數降低
- DDecreased fibrinogen level✓ 正解纖維蛋白原濃度降低
- EIncreased hemoglobin level血紅素濃度升高
瀰漫性血管內凝血（Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, DIC）是一種嚴重的、危及生命的凝血功能障礙。其核心概念是體內凝血系統被廣泛而過度活化，導致微血管內形成大量微血栓，進而消耗體內的凝血因子和血小板。這種消耗性凝血病理最終會導致止血功能受損，引起全身性出血傾向。因此，DIC 的特徵是凝血和出血並存。護理師應預期一系列反映凝血因子和血小板被消耗以及纖維蛋白溶解活性增強的實驗室檢驗結果。及早識別這些異常對於診斷和啟動適當治療至關重要。
Bright red blood in the drainage suggests active arterial bleeding, while drainage output less than irrigation input or zero output despite flow indicates catheter obstruction or bladder distention, all requiring immediate intervention. Although bladder spasms and small clots are common post-TURP findings, they do not typically demand the same urgent response as signs of severe hemorrhage or blockage.
美國護理重視對 DIC 誘因（如敗血症）的識別；台灣臨床上則高度依賴實驗室數值來引導輸血治療。