— 生理適應 · HARD · SATA —
下列哪些是腦壓升高 (Increased ICP) 的徵象？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following are signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? (Select all that apply.)
- ADecreased level of consciousness✓ 正解意識狀態降低
- BProjectile vomiting✓ 正解噴射性嘔吐
- CPupillary changes✓ 正解瞳孔變化
- DTachycardia心搏過速
- EHeadache✓ 正解頭痛
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
腦壓升高（Increased ICP）是神經系統重大危機，因顱骨空間有限，腫脹或出血會壓迫腦組織。典型徵象包含意識改變（由躁動到昏迷）、噴射狀嘔吐（因延腦嘔吐中樞受壓）、瞳孔異常（如單側散大、對光反射遲鈍），以及持續性嚴重頭痛。臨床上需密切監測庫欣氏三徵象（Cushing's triad：收縮壓上升、脈搏變慢、呼吸不規則）。
Signs of increased intracranial pressure include altered levels of consciousness, which is often the earliest indicator, along with projectile vomiting due to brainstem compression and pupillary changes reflecting nerve damage. Clients may also experience persistent headaches caused by the stretching of meningeal pain receptors. Tachycardia is incorrect; bradycardia is part of Cushing's triad, which indicates late-stage increased ICP.