護理師照顧一位置放胸管的病人。下列哪些情況需要通知醫療團隊？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a chest tube. Which findings necessitate notifying the healthcare provider? (Select all that apply.)
- AContinuous bubbling in the water seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶持續冒泡
- BExcessive drainage (>100 mL/hr) of bright red blood✓ 正解鮮紅色引流液過多（>100 mL/小時）
- CSubcutaneous emphysema observed at the insertion site✓ 正解插管處出現皮下氣腫
- DThe chest tube becomes disconnected from the drainage system✓ 正解胸管從引流系統脫離
- EFluctuation of the fluid level in the water seal chamber水封瓶內液面隨呼吸波動
胸管護理重點在於確保氣密與通暢。水封瓶持續冒泡（A）暗示漏氣；大量鮮紅血（B）暗示出血不止；皮下氣腫（C）暗示空氣漏入皮下組織；胸管脫落（D）為嚴重中斷，需立即採取緊急措施並聯繫醫師。波動現象（E）是正常呼吸運動表現。
Healthcare providers must be notified immediately if there is continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber, excessive bright red drainage, subcutaneous emphysema, or if the chest tube becomes disconnected. Continuous bubbling indicates a significant air leak, while excessive bloody drainage suggests active hemorrhage. Subcutaneous emphysema signals air leakage into tissues, and disconnection poses a risk of tension pneumothorax, whereas fluid fluctuation is a normal finding.
台美護理標準一致，強調胸管護理的緊急處置與對氣胸風險的高度警覺。