— 心理社會完整性 · MEDIUM · SATA —
一位經歷喪偶之痛的個案，護理師在「否認」階段會觀察到哪些表現？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client experiencing grief following the loss of a spouse. Which manifestations should the nurse expect to find during the stage of 'denial'? (Select all that apply.)
- ARefusal to believe the death occurred✓ 正解拒絕相信死亡已經發生
- BExpressions of anger toward the medical staff對醫療人員表達憤怒
- CStatements that the news of the death is a mistake✓ 正解表示死亡消息是錯誤的
- DWithdrawal from social interactions退縮，避免社交互動
- ESetting a place at the table for the deceased spouse✓ 正解在餐桌上為逝去的配偶擺放餐具
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
根據庫伯勒-羅絲的哀傷五階段模型，否認階段的特徵是無法接受事實、認為訊息錯誤或是延續過往習慣。B（憤怒）屬於憤怒階段；D（社交退縮）在多個階段皆可能出現，但在否認期表現較不明顯，主要是個案活在自己的信念中。
During the denial stage of grief, clients may refuse to believe the death occurred, view the news as a mistake, or maintain routines such as setting a place for the deceased to preserve emotional stability. These behaviors serve as a temporary buffer against the overwhelming shock of the loss.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國臨終關懷強調尊重哀傷階段；台灣文化較鼓勵「節哀順變」，對個案長時間停留於否認階段可能會有過度強制的勸導。