一位最近喪偶的病人說：「我很好，我已經走出來了。」但護理師發現病人完全沒有觸碰配偶的遺物，且避而不談死亡。該病人最可能處於悲傷的哪個階段？
A client who recently lost their spouse says, 'I am fine, I have moved on,' but the nurse notices the client has not touched the spouse's belongings and avoids talking about the death. Which stage of grief is the client likely experiencing?
- AAcceptance接受
- BDenial✓ 正解否認
- CAnger憤怒
- DBargaining討價還價
根據庫伯-羅斯（Kübler-Ross）的五階段模型，當病人表現出與事實不符的平靜，並採取規避行為（不碰遺物、避談死訊）時，這通常是「否認（Denial）」階段的表現。否認是一種心理緩衝，讓個人有時間處理難以承受的衝擊。雖然病人說自己「Moved on」，但行為（規避）揭示了其內心尚未處理喪親之痛。選項 C 憤怒通常表現為對醫護或命運的指責；選項 D 討價還價表現為「如果當初...就好了」；選項 A 接受則是真正整合了喪失的事實，不再有規避行為。臨床思路上，護理師應尊重病人的防衛機制，但在合適時機引導其表達情緒。
According to Kubler-Ross's five-stage model, when a client displays calm that does not match the reality and engages in avoidance behavior (not touching the deceased's belongings, avoiding talk of death), this typically represents the 'denial' stage. Denial is a psychological buffer that gives the individual time to process the overwhelming impact. Although the client says they have 'moved on,' the behavior (avoidance) reveals that the grief has not yet been processed. Option C, anger, typically manifests as blame toward medical staff or fate; option D, bargaining, manifests as 'if only...'; option A, acceptance, integrates the fact of loss and avoidance behavior is no longer present. Clinically, the nurse should respect the client's defense mechanisms while guiding them to express emotions when appropriate.
美國護理教育非常強調 Kübler-Ross 模型在各種失落情境的應用；台灣文化中，受傳統禮教影響，病人常會「壓抑」情緒以顯堅強，這有時會讓護理人員誤以為是接受，需細心辨別是否為否認。