一位病人因糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）入院。護理師應預期出現哪些臨床表現？（選所有適合的）
A client is admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾呼吸
- BFruity breath odor✓ 正解果味口臭
- CHyperglycemia✓ 正解高血糖
- DHypokalemia低血鉀
- EKetones in the urine✓ 正解尿酮
DKA 病人因酸中毒出現 Kussmaul 呼吸（代償性深快呼吸），酮體分解導致果糖味呼吸，血糖極高，尿中有酮體。電解質方面常伴隨高血鉀（初期因酸中毒導致細胞內鉀外移），而非低血鉀，雖然給予胰島素後會變低，但典型表現為酸中毒引發的高鉀。
In DKA, the client develops Kussmaul respirations (compensatory deep, rapid breathing) due to acidosis, fruity breath odor from ketone breakdown, very high blood glucose, and ketones in the urine. With regard to electrolytes, hyperkalemia is often present (initially because acidosis causes intracellular potassium to shift out of cells) rather than hypokalemia. While serum potassium may fall after insulin is given, the typical presentation is acidosis-induced hyperkalemia.
台美醫療對 DKA 的輸液與胰島素治療 Protocol 一致，重點皆在於嚴密監控血糖與血鉀變化。