一位病人的血糖值為 45 mg/dL。護理師預期會觀察到哪種臨床表現？
A client presents with a blood glucose level of 45 mg/dL. Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect to find?
- APolyuria多尿
- BDiaphoresis and tremors✓ 正解盜汗與顫抖
- CFruity breath odor呼氣有水果味
- DIncreased thirst口渴增加
本題的核心概念是低血糖（hypoglycemia）的臨床表現。當血糖值（blood glucose level）低於正常範圍（通常定義為 < 70 mg/dL 或 < 3.9 mmol/L）時，身體會啟動一系列代償機制，特別是交感神經系統（sympathetic nervous system）的活化，以試圖升高血糖。這些交感神經被活化後的症狀是低血糖的早期警告訊號，提醒病患和護理師需要立即補充糖分。護理師必須能夠快速識別這些徵兆，因為嚴重的低血糖若未及時處理，可能導致腦部損傷、昏迷甚至死亡。
Hypoglycemia, defined as a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL, triggers sympathetic nervous system activation, resulting in diaphoresis (sweating) and tremors. These are early warning signs that require immediate intervention to prevent severe complications like brain damage or coma. Symptoms such as polyuria, fruity breath, and increased thirst are associated with hyperglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis.
美國 NCLEX 考題中低血糖處理常涉及 15-15 原則；台灣臨床亦常用此標準但執行細節略有不同。